CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 10, November 2012
AFRICA
535
confounders was adjusted for with logistic regressions models.
A probability of
p
<
0.05
was set as the threshold of statistical
significance.
Results
Of the 420 patients recruited, 207 (49%) were men and 250
(56%)
were from the Yaoundé centre. The mean age was 56.7
years and the median duration of diagnosed diabetes was four
years (IQR 25th to 75th percentiles: 1–9).
As expected, anthropometric characteristics were different
between men and women. Diabetes control was also poorer
in men than in women (all
p
<
0.04),
otherwise men were
similar to women with regard to many other characteristics,
including history of diabetes, treatment and complications, and
cardiovascular risk profile (Table 1).
With few exceptions, participants’ characteristics were mostly
similar across the participating centres. The few exceptions
related to hip circumference (
p
<
0.001),
diastolic blood pressure
(
p
<
0.001),
haemoglobin A
1
c
level (
p
<
0.001),
creatinine
clearance rate (
p
=
0.04),
the use of ACE inhibitors (
p
=
0.01)
and the presence of neuropathy (
p
=
0.008).
Fig. 1. Rhythm, conduction and T-wave changes in 420
men and women with type 2 diabetes.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Atrial
fibrillation
Sinus
bradycardia
Sinus
arrythmia
Sinus
tachycardia
Local
Non-specific
Tall
AVB
CRBBB CLBBB LAHB
Rythm changes
T-wave changes
Conduction changes
Percentage (%)
Percentage (%)
Percentage (%)
Women
Men
Total
TABLE 1. PROFILE OF THE 420 MENAND
WOMENWITHTYPE 2 DIABETES
Variables
Men
n
(%)
Women
n
(%)
p
Total
n
(%)
Number (%)
207 (49)
213 (51)
56.7 (9.92)
Age (years)
55.9 (9.83)
57.5 (9.96)
0.09
4 (1–9)
Median (range) known
duration of diabetes (years)
4 (0–9)
4 (1–8)
0.71 213 (50.7)
Parental history of diabetes 103 (49.7)
110 (51.6)
0.69
32 (7.6)
Smoking
27 (13.1)
5 (2.3)
<
0.001 28.5 (5.2)
Body mass index (kg/m
2
)
27.2 (4)
29.7 (6)
<
0.001 95.1 (11.9)
Waist circumference (cm)
95.3 (10.8) 94.9 (12.92)
0.71 101.2 (11.8)
Hip circumference (cm)
98.5 (10)
103.7 (12.9)
<
0.001 0.94 (0.10)
Waist-to-hip ratio
0.96 (0.08)
0.91 (0.11)
<
0.001 142.2 (25.3)
Hypertension and treatments
Systolic blood pressure
(
mmHg)
142.8 (23.6) 141.6 (26.91)
0.61 85.1 (13.2)
Diastolic blood pressure
(
mmHg)
85.6 (12.2) 84.5 (14.15)
0.37 57.1 (18.2)
Pulse pressure (mmHg)
57.2 (16.8) 57.1 (19.49)
0.95 211 (50.2)
Hypertension
97 (46.8)
114 (53.5%)
0.17 186 (44.3)
Any blood pressure-
lowering medication
83 (40.1)
103 (48.4)
0.09 139 (33.1)
ACE inhibitors
70 (33.8)
69 (32.4)
0.84
5 (1.2)
ARA II antagonists
2 (1)
3 (1.4)
0.99 118 (28.1)
Diuretics
54 (26.1)
64 (30)
0.37
69 (16.4)
Calcium channel blockers
33 (15.9)
36 (16.9)
0.79
30 (7.1)
Beta-blockers
7 (3.4)
23 (10.8)
0.004 185 (49)
Lipid profile and lipid-modifying therapies
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
187 (49)
184 (51)
0.57
47 (18)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
47 (19)
48 (18)
0.52 101 (67–141)
Median (range) triglycer-
ides (mg/dl)
99 (64–142) 102 (68–140)
0.62
35 (13.2)
Lipid modifying therapies
19 (9.2)
16 (7.5)
0.58
1 (0.2)
History of cardiovascular disease
Coronary heart disease
0 (0.0)
1 (0.5%)
0.32
15 (3.6)
Cerebrovascular diseases
6 (2.9)
9 (4.2%)
0.46
6 (1.4)
Lower limb occlusive
vascular disease
3 (1.4)
3 (1.4%)
0.97 89 (67–111)
Median (range) creatinine
clearance (ml/min/1.73 m
2
)
91 (70–113) 88(63–108)
0.23
273 (66)
Diabetes treatment and control
Metformin
133 (64.7)
143 (67%)
0.58
185 (44)
Suphonamide
93 (45)
92 (43%)
0.69
9 (2.1)
Acarbose
2 (0.9)
7 (3.3%)
0.19
68 (16.2)
Insulin
37 (17.9)
31 (14.5%)
0.34
177 (81)
Fasting capillary glucose
(
mg/dl)
185 (85)
169 (77)
0.04
8.2 (2.3)
Haemoglobin A
1
c
(%)
8.5 (2.3)
7.9 (2.2)
0.03
Microvascular complications
Any diabetic retinopathy 38 (18.3%)
28 (13.1)
0.14
66 (15.7)
Any diabetic nephropathy 30 (14.5%)
37 (17.4)
0.42
67 (15.9)
Any diabetic neuropathy 52 (25.1%)
42 (19.7)
0.18
94 (22.4)
