CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 9, October 2012
482
AFRICA
while the prevalence of RVDD was high across the groups.
LVEF was the only independent determinant of RVSD after
controlling for confounding variables, while age was the only
determinant of RVDD. Likewise, age was the only correlate for
E
m
:
A
m
ratio, while the best correlate for both TAPSE and S
m
was
LVEF. These results have further characterised both LV and RV
geometry and function in subjects with hypertension.
We thank Prof Karen Sliwa-Hahnle of the Hatter Cardiovascular Research
Institute, Cape Heart Centre and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South
Africa, for her useful criticism and comments on the manuscript.
References
1.
Karaye KM, Habib AG, Mohammed S, Rabiu M, Shehu MN.
Assessment of right ventricular systolic function using tricuspid annular
plane systolic excursion, among Nigerians with systemic hypertension.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2010;
21
(4): 186–190.
2.
Cicala S, Galderisi M, Caso P, Petrocelli A, D’Errico A, de Divitiis
O,
et al
.
Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in arterial systemic
hypertension: analysis by pulsed tissue Doppler.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2002;
3
: 135–142.
3.
Meluzin J, Spinarova L, Hude P, Krejci J, Kincl V, Panovsky R,
et al
.
Prognostic importance of various echocardiographic right ventricular
functional parameters in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
J Am
Soc Echocardiogr
2005;
18
: 435–444.
4.
Karaye KM, Habib AG, Mohammed S, Rabiu M, Shehu MN.
Assessment of right ventricular systolic function using tricuspid annular
plane systolic excursion, among Nigerians with systemic hypertension.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2010;
21
(4): 186–190.
5.
Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, de Simone G, Pickering TG,
Saba PS,
et al
.
Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric
remodelling in essential hypertension.
J Am Coll Cardiol
1992;
19
:
1550–1558.
6.
Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation
of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in
men and women with essential hypertension.
Ann Intern Med
1991;
114
: 345–352.
7.
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, Ethical Principles
for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
J Postgrad Med
2002;
48
: 206–208.
8.
Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S.
Sample size determination in health studies:
a practical manual
.
Geneva: WHO 1991: 15.
9.
Karaye KM, Sani MU. The impact of income on the echocardiographic
pattern of heart diseases in Kano, Nigeria.
Niger J Med
2008;
17
(3):
350–355.
10.
Quiñones MA, Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA.
Recommendations for Quantification of Doppler Echocardiography.
A Report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the
Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of
Echocardiography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2002;
15
: 167–184.
11.
Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R. Problems in echocar-
diographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic
correlations in the presence of absence of asynergy.
Am J Cardiol
1976;
37
(1): 7–11.
12.
Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs
I,
et al
.
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy:
comparison to necropsy findings.
Am J Cardiol
1986;
57
: 450–458.
13.
Lindqvist P, Henein M, Kazzam E. Right ventricular outflow tract frac-
tional shortening: an applicable measure of right ventricular systolic
function.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2003;
4
: 29–35.
14.
Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka
PA,
et al.
American Society of Echocardiography’s Nomenclature and
StandardsCommittee; TaskForce onChamberQuantification;American
College of Cardiology Echocardiography Committee; American Heart
Association; European Association of Echocardiography, European
Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for chamber quantification.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2006;
7
: 79–108.
15.
World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension
Writing Group. 2003World Health Organization (WHO) – International
Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hyperten-
sion.
J Hypertens
2003;
21
(11): 1983–1992.
16.
Galderisi M, Henein MY, D’hooge J, Sicari R, Badano LP, Zamorano
JL,
et al
.,
on behalf of the European Association of Echocardiography.
Recommendations of the European Association of Echocardiography
how to use echo-Doppler in clinical trials: different modalities for
different purposes.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2011;
12
: 339–353.
17.
Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD,
Chandrasckaran K,
et al
.
Guidelines for the echocardiographic assess-
ment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society
of echocardiography. Endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology,
and the Canadian Society of echocardiography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2010;
23
: 685–713.
18.
Sciomer S, Magri D, Badagliacca R. Non-invasive assessment of
pulmonary hypertension: Doppler echocardiography.
Pulm Pharmacol
Ther
2007;
20
: 135–140.
19.
Posteraro A, Salustri A, Trambaiolo P, Amici E, Gambelli G. Echo-
cardiographic estimation of pulmonary pressures.
J Cardiovasc Med
2006;
7
: 545–554.
20.
Santamore WP, Gray L. Significant left ventricular contributions to
right ventricular systolic function: mechanisms and clinical implica-
tions.
Chest
1995;
107
: 1134–1145.
21.
Puwanant S, Priester TC, Mookadam F, Bruce CJ, Redfield MM,
Chandrasekaran K. Right ventricular function in patients with preserved
and reduced ejection fraction heart failure.
Eur J Echocadiogr
2009;
10
: 733–737.
22.
Innelli P, Esposito R, Olibet M, Nistri S, Galderisi M. The impact of
ageing on right ventricular longitudinal function in healthy subjects: a
pulsed tissue Doppler study.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2009;
10
: 491–498.
23.
Sandstede J, Lipke C, Beer M, Hofmann S, Pabst T, Kenn W,
et al.
Age-
and gender-specific differences in left and right ventricular cardiac
function and mass determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging.
Eur Radiol
2000;
10
: 438–442.
24.
Sliwa K, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, Ntyintyane L, Tibazarwa K, Becker
A,
et al
.
Spectrum of heart disease and risk factors in black urban
population in South Africa (The Heart of Soweto Study): a cohort study.
Lancet
2008;
371
: 915–922.
25.
Blecker GB, Steendijk P, Holman ER, Yu C-M, Breithardt OA,
Kaandorp TA,
et al
.
Assessing right ventricular function: the role
of echocardiography and complementary technologies.
Heart
2006;
92
(
Suppl I): i19–i26.
